introduction of central tendency

DNA can be copied very easily and accurately because each piece of DNA can direct the assembly of a new copy of its information. The information within a particular gene is not always exactly the same between one organism and another, so different copies of a gene do not always give exactly the same instructions. Individual subscriptions and access to Questia are no longer available. The nomadic lifestyle was well suited to warfare, and the steppe horse riders became some of the most militarily potent people in the world, limited only by their lack of internal unity. We apologize for any inconvenience and are here to help you find similar resources. The Union government is mainly composed of the executive, the "Biotechnology is developing two to three times faster than chemicals. Plasticrelated chemicals impact wildlife by entering niche environments and spreading through different species and food chains. For example, rice can be given genes from a maize and a soil bacteria so the rice produces beta-carotene, which the body converts to vitamin A. Median 3. [17] Several of the genes have been identified, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, but not all of them. Stress is a central concept for understanding both life and evolution. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (Princeton University Press, 1957) is a book by Canadian literary critic and theorist Northrop Frye that attempts to formulate an overall view of the scope, theory, principles, and techniques of literary criticism derived exclusively from literature. ), Enable students to develop mathematical conceptualization, inquiry, reasoning, and communication skills and the ability to use mathematics to formulate and solve problems in everyday life, as well as in mathematical contexts, Enable students to manipulate numbers, symbols, and other mathematical objects, Help students develop number, symbol, and spatial sense, as well as a sense of measurement and the capability to appreciate structures and patterns, Help students develop positive attitudes toward mathematics and the ability to appreciate the aesthetic nature and cultural aspects of mathematics, Formulating problems with algebraic language, Estimation in two- and three-dimensional figure measurement, Trigonometric ratios and using trigonometry, Angles related to lines and rectilinear figures, Introduction to various stages of statistics, Construction and interpretation of simple diagrams and graphs. Photography in Central Asia began to develop after 1882, when a Russian Mennonite photographer named Wilhelm Penner moved to the Khanate of Khiva during the Mennonite migration to Central Asia led by Claas Epp, Jr. This tendency to exhibit a particular pattern of stress responses across a variety of stressors is referred to as response stereotypy (Lacey & Lacey 1958). The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices. Which measure of central tendency can be determined graphically? The excluded number is, Mean = (Sum of observations) / (Total number of observations), So, Mean =\(\rm \frac{a+b+c+d+e+f}{6}=47\), \(\rm a+b+c+d+e+f=282\) .(1), So mean of remaining five numbers =\(\rm \frac{b+c+d+e+f}{5}=41\), \(\rm b+c+d+e+f=205\) .(2), a + 205 = 282 (from (1) and (2)). This is how genetic engineering works. Concept: Mean: The mean or average of a data set is found by adding all numbers in the data set and then dividing by the number of values in the set. An individual is that which exists as a distinct entity. Unfortunately, progress Central Asia is a region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east,[4] and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. Between 2005 and 2013, the share of agriculture dropped in all but Tajikistan, where it increased while industry decreased. [48], In terms of the economic influence of big powers, China is viewed as one of the key economic players in Central Asia, especially after Beijing launched its grand development strategy known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2013. Note: PhD graduates in science cover life sciences, physical sciences, mathematics and statistics, and computing; PhDs in engineering also cover manufacturing and construction. It is denoted by the symbol , read as x bar. For Central Asia, the generic term of PhD also encompasses Candidate of Science and Doctor of Science degrees. Let x be the mean of squares of first n natural numbers and y be the square of mean of first n natural numbers. [20] Humboldt mentions some geographic features of this region, which include the Caspian Sea in the west, the Altai mountains in the north and the Hindu Kush and Pamir mountains in the South. An event that changes the sequence of the DNA in a gene. [47], Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan count the highest researcher density in Central Asia. Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical and veterinary purposes. Bem, Daryl J. Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are both generalizing the teaching of foreign languages at school, in order to facilitate international ties. Suppose there are n observations {\({\rm{\;}}{{\rm{x}}_{\rm{1}}},{{\rm{x}}_{{\rm{2\;}}}},{{\rm{x}}_{{\rm{3\;}}}}, \ldots ,{{\rm{x}}_{{\rm{n\;}}}}\)}, Mean\(\left( {{\rm{\bar x}}} \right) = \frac{{{\rm{\;}}({{\rm{x}}_1} + {{\rm{x}}_{2{\rm{\;}}}} + {{\rm{x}}_{3{\rm{\;}}}} + \ldots + {{\rm{x}}_{{\rm{n\;}}}})}}{{\rm{n}}}\)\( = {\rm{\;}}\frac{{\mathop \sum \nolimits_{{\rm{i = 1}}}^{\rm{n}} {{\rm{x}}_{\rm{i}}}}}{{\rm{n}}}\), Sum of the first nnatural numbers=\(\rm \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\), To find:Mean of the first 99 natural numbers, As we know, Sum of first n natural numbers =\(\rm \frac{n(n+1)}{2}\), Now, Mean =\(\rm \dfrac { \frac{99(99+1)}{2}}{99}\). Agree Until the 1980s, Central Asian arts had developed along with general tendencies of Soviet arts. Other traits come from interactions between our genes and the environment, so a child might inherit the tendency to be tall, but if they are poorly nourished, they will still be short. Relation b/w mean, mode and median: Genetics is the study of genes and tries to explain what they are and how they work. [47], Kazakhstan is the only country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development but research intensity overall is low in Kazakhstan: just 0.18% of GDP in 2013. It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking Mandarin Chinese has an equally dominant presence in Inner Mongolia, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Stress is a central concept for understanding both life and evolution. [47], Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian country where the business enterprise and private non-profit sectors make any significant contribution to research and development. Most nomadic conquerors entered from the northeast. 5, 10, 3, 6, 4, 8, 9, 3, 15, 2, 9, 4, 19, 11, 4, The given data is5, 10, 3, 6, 4, 8, 9, 3, 15, 2, 9, 4, 19, 11, 4, Themodeis the value that appears most frequently in a data set, First, arrange the given data in the ascending order and then find the term, Mean = Sum of all the terms/Total number of terms, Median = {(n + 1)/2}thtermwhen n is odd, Median = 1/2[(n/2)thterm + {(n/2) + 1}th] term when n is even, Arranging the given data in ascending order, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 9, 10, 11, 15, 19, Total terms in the given data, (n) = 15 (It is odd), Median ={(n + 1)/2}thtermwhen n is odd, Now, Range =Maximum value Minimum value, Mean of Range, Mode and median = (Range + Mode + Median)/3, The mean of the Range, Mode and Median is 9, fi= frequency corresponding to ithclass. In the center is the small but densely-populated Ferghana valley. [47], Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have all maintained a share of women researchers above 40% since the fall of the Soviet Union. To calculate the Median, the observations must be arranged in ascending or descending order. [Republic in the Mirror of the Population Censuses] (PDF). Here common difference = 8 6 = 6 4 = 2 (which is constant). Tashkent started as an. The Turkic peoples slowly replaced and assimilated the previous Iranian-speaking locals, turning the population of Central Asia from largely Iranian, into primarily of East Asian descent. Kyrgyzstan has the added disadvantage of being considered resource poor, although it does have ample water. Each unique form of a single gene is called an allele. Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Southward the land becomes increasingly dry and the nomadic population increasingly thin. Water is an extremely valuable resource in arid Central Asia and can lead to rather significant international disputes. Nevertheless, there appears to be a growing demand for the products of research, since enterprises spent 4.5 times more on scientific and technological services in 2008 than in 1997. It is calculated by simply inspecting the given ungrouped data. According to Garrett, The arithmetic mean, or more simply the mean, is the sum of [] The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. During Soviet rule, akyn performance was co-opted by the authorities and subsequently declined in popularity. When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulifil the next one, and so on. Varieties of Persian are also spoken as a major language in the region, locally known as Dari (in Afghanistan), Tajik (in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), and Bukhori (by the Bukharan Jews of Central Asia). [47], The republics which have fared best benefitted from the commodities boom during the first decade of the 2000s. Unfortunately, progress Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan have both adopted the three-tier bachelor's, master's and PhD degree system, in 2007 and 2012 respectively, which is gradually replacing the Soviet system of Candidates and Doctors of Science. acknowledge that you have read and understood our, Data Structure & Algorithm Classes (Live), Full Stack Development with React & Node JS (Live), Preparation Package for Working Professional, Full Stack Development with React & Node JS(Live), GATE CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Original Papers and Official Keys, ISRO CS Syllabus for Scientist/Engineer Exam, What is a Storage Device? July 9, 2020 at 5:02 am. Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. Uzbek and Uyghur are spoken in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang. As an example, hair color depends on how much of a dark substance called melanin is put into the hair as it grows. The nucleotides are in the center, like the teeth in the zipper, and pair up to hold the two strands together. Central Asia has served more as the battleground for outside powers than as a power in its own right. Alekseenko, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (2000). Genetics tries to identify which traits are inherited and to explain how these traits are passed from generation to INTRODUCTION. Almost all holders of a Candidate of Science, Doctor of Science or PhD are more than 40 years old and half are aged over 60; more than one in three researchers (38.4%) holds a PhD degree, or its equivalent, the remainder holding a bachelor's or master's degree. Food prices rose two years in a row and, in 2012, production at the major Kumtor gold mine fell by 60% after the site was perturbed by geological movements. Some diseases are hereditary and run in families; others, such as infectious diseases, are caused by the environment. According to the World Bank, 33.7% of the population was living in absolute poverty[clarification needed] in 2010 and 36.8% a year later. Moreover, few industrial enterprises conduct research in Kazakhstan. Turkmenistan has offered a state guarantee of equality for women since a law adopted in 2007 but the lack of available data makes it impossible to draw any conclusions as to the law's impact on research. Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical and veterinary purposes. Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have abundant oil and natural gas reserves and Uzbekistan's own reserves make it more or less self-sufficient. A 2005 The Washington Post article proposed a similarity between the improvisational art of akyns and modern freestyle rap performed in the West.[42]. The Bukharan Jews were once a sizable community in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, but nearly all have emigrated since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Multivariate statistics is a subdivision of statistics encompassing the simultaneous observation and analysis of more than one outcome variable.Multivariate statistics concerns understanding the different aims and background of each of the different forms of multivariate analysis, and how they relate to each other. Given set of number is 8, 5, n, 10, 15, 21. This appearance of new traits is important in evolution. [35] The Tang dynasty of China expanded westwards and controlled large parts of Central Asia, directly and indirectly through their Turkic vassals. In 1994, the city was designated as the future capital of the newly independent country and again renamed to the Astana after the capital was officially moved from, It was the capital of Kazakhstan (and its predecessor, the, The capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan. Frye consciously omits all specific and practical criticism, instead offering classically inspired Most of its electricity is generated by hydropower. is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. Historically, political geography and culture have been two significant parameters widely used in scholarly definitions of Central Asia. Mean - It is the Average value of the data which is a division of sum of the values with the number of values. Equestrian sports are traditional in Central Asia, with disciplines like endurance riding, buzkashi, dzhigit and kyz kuu. In particular, they have been modernizing the industrial sector and fostering the development of service industries through business-friendly fiscal policies and other measures, to reduce the share of agriculture in GDP. There are three main measures of central tendency which can be calculated using the methods in pandas python library. Dushanbe means "Monday" in, The capital and largest city of Turkmenistan. Mutations create new alleles. The Good Research Guide: For Small-Scale Social Research Projects. The south supports areas of dense population and cities wherever irrigation is possible. Writing the Empirical Journal Article. As the Russian Empire expanded to the East, it would also push down into Central Asia towards the sea, in a search for warm water ports. Median - It is the middle value in distribution when the values are arranged in ascending or descending order. The text contains a very detailed table of contents that uses clickable links for specific pages throughout the pdf. For the main encyclopedia article, see. Mode:The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. The Median is an important measure (compared to the mean) for distorted data because the median is not so easily distorted. Armenia and Kyrgyzstan have since joined this body. The kind of technology used in genetic engineering is also being developed to treat people with genetic disorders in an experimental medical technique called gene therapy. The First regional competition among the Central Asian countries, Russia, Chinese Xinjiang and Turkey was held in 2013. A random sample of 20 people is classified in the following table according to their ages: \({\rm{Mean}} = \frac{{\sum {\rm{xf}}}}{{\sum {\rm{f}}}}\), \(\therefore {\rm{Mean}} = \frac{{830}}{{20}} = 41.5\), The mean of six numbers is 47. 426458, Walter Ratliff, "Pilgrims on the Silk Road: A Muslim-Christian Encounter in Khiva", Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2010. These obtained numerical values are called central or average values.A central or average value of any statistical data or series is the value of that variable that is representative of the entire data or its associated frequency There are four types of nucleotides (A, T, G and C) and it is the sequence of these nucleotides that carries information. University of Washington; Denscombe, Martyn. Projecting influence into the area is no longer just Russia, but also Turkey, Iran, China, Pakistan, India and the United States: Russian historian Lev Gumilev wrote that Xiongnu, Mongols (Mongol Empire, Zunghar Khanate) and Turkic peoples (First Turkic Khaganate, Uyghur Khaganate) played a role to stop Chinese aggression to the north. By the early 21st century, more than 1 billion were in existence. [10][11][12], From the mid-19th century until almost the end of the 20th century, Central Asia was colonised by the Russians, and incorporated into the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union, which led to Russians and other Slavs emigrating into the area. It includes the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, which are colloquially referred to as "The -Stans" as the countries all have names In the context of the United States' War on Terror, Central Asia has once again become the center of geostrategic calculations. Humans acquire culture through the learning The UNESCO History of the Civilizations of Central Asia, published in 1992, defines the region as "Afghanistan, northeastern Iran, northern and central Pakistan, northern India, western China, Mongolia and the former Soviet Central Asian republics". In November 2011, the 10 member countries adopted the CAREC 2020 Strategy, a blueprint for furthering regional co-operation. OECD.Stat enables users to search for and extract data from across OECDs many databases. Basic structure. Major bodies of water include the Aral Sea and Lake Balkhash, both of which are part of the huge west-central Asian endorheic basin that also includes the Caspian Sea. Measures of central tendency are summary statistics that represent the center point or typical value of a dataset. Turkey also exerts considerable influence in the region on account of its ethnic and linguistic ties with the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and its involvement in the. The goals of the secondary mathematics curriculum are as follows: At the junior (lower) secondary level, the mathematics curriculum further integrates the five content areas taught in the primary grades into three main learning areas: Number and Algebra; Measurement, Shape, and Space; and Data Handling.21 Exhibit 2 presents the mathematics topics taught in each content area at the junior (lower) secondary level. Genes are inherited as units, with two parents dividing out copies of their genes to their offspring. ADVERTISEMENTS: The following points highlight the three types of measures of central tendency. After expansion by Turkic peoples, Central Asia also became the homeland for the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tatars, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, and Uyghurs; Turkic languages largely replaced the Iranian languages spoken in the area, with the exception of Tajikistan and areas where Tajik is spoken. [27], An alternative method is to define the region based on ethnicity, and in particular, areas populated by Eastern Turkic, Eastern Iranian, or Mongolian peoples. Contact and migration with Han people from China has brought Confucianism, Daoism, Mahayana Buddhism, and other Chinese folk beliefs into the region. Association football is popular across Central Asia. The brown hair daughter has the "brown hair phenotype" but her genotype is Bb, with one copy of the B allele, and one of the b allele. In the case of a daughter with alleles for both red and brown hair, brown is dominant and she ends up with brown hair.[2]. The Afghanistan national cricket team, first formed in 2001, has claimed wins over Bangladesh, West Indies and Zimbabwe. Tocharian, another Indo-European language group, which was once predominant in oases on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang, is now extinct. The first years of the Soviet regime saw the appearance of modernism, which took inspiration from the Russian avant-garde movement. [20] In these plants, the new genes are put into the plant before it is grown, so the genes are in every part of the plant, including its seeds. Outside high-elevation areas, the climate is mostly semi-arid to arid. [47], Although both exports and imports have grown significantly over the past decade, Central Asian republics countries remain vulnerable to economic shocks, owing to their reliance on exports of raw materials, a restricted circle of trading partners and a negligible manufacturing capacity. They cannot totally insulate themselves from negative exterior forces, however, such as the persistently weak recovery of global industrial production and international trade since 2008. Kazakhstan is also the largest country in Central Asia accounting for more than 60 percent of the region's gross domestic product (GDP). It includes the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, which are colloquially referred to as "The -Stans" as the countries all have names Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization. The insecticide kills insects that eat the plants but is harmless to people. [66] Tibetan Buddhism is most common in Tibet, Mongolia, Ladakh, and the southern Russian regions of Siberia. The mathematics curriculum guides, published by the CDC, set forth the goals of primary and secondary mathematics education clearly.18,19 The goals of the primary mathematics curriculum are: The curriculum covers five content areas at the primary level: Number; Shape and Space; Measurement; Data Handling; and Algebra.20 Algebra is introduced in Grade 5 (Primary 5). Many national research institutions established during the Soviet era have since become obsolete with the development of new technologies and changing national priorities. Introduction. 19 million), Kyrgyzstan (7 million), Tajikistan (10 million), Turkmenistan (6 million), and Uzbekistan (35million). Anesthesia is a state of controlled, temporary loss of sensation or awareness that is induced for medical and veterinary purposes. By a broad definition including Mongolia and Afghanistan, more than 90 million people live in Central Asia, about 2% of Asia's total population. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of central location. Mongolian is spoken throughout Mongolia and into Buryatia, Kalmyk, Inner Mongolia, and Xinjiang. Humans acquire culture through the learning Genes are how living organisms inherit features or traits from their ancestors; for example, children usually look like their parents because they have inherited their parents' genes. The borders of Central Asia are subject to multiple definitions. Mode: The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. If, \(\frac{\text{x}}{\text{y}} = \frac{55}{42}\), x isthe mean of squares of first n natural numbers and y isthe square of mean of first n natural numbers, \({ x \over y} = {{ {(n+1)(2n+1) \over 6}\over {(n+1)^2 \over 4} }} = {55 \over 42}\), \( { {4(n+1)(2n+1) }\over 6(n+1)^2} = {55 \over 42}\), \( { {2(2n+1) }\over 3(n+1)} = {55 \over 42}\), is the value that appears most frequently in a data set, \(\rm \frac{4^{th} \;\text{observation}+5^{th} \;\text{observation}}{2} \), \(\rm Mean\ of\ 'n'\ observations=\dfrac{Sum\ of\ observations}{n}\). The ultimate aim is to emulate the Asian Tigers by becoming the local equivalent, Central Asian snow leopards. Other diseases are influenced by genetics, but the genes a person gets from their parents only change their risk of getting a disease. All rights reserved. [47], Five Kazakh patents were registered at the US Patent and Trademark Office between 2008 and 2013, compared to three for Uzbek inventors and none at all for the other three Central Asian republics, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. Both of these bodies of water have shrunk significantly in recent decades due to the diversion of water from rivers that feed them for irrigation and industrial purposes. Reply. Ltd.: All rights reserved, \(L + {{N \over 2} - CF \over f} \times h\), \(L + {{N \over 2} - CF \over f} \times h = 30 + {{20 \over 2} - 7 \over 6} \times 10\), Let x be the mean of squares of first n natural numbers and y be the square of mean of first n natural numbers. Median: The median is a numeric value that separates the higher half of a set from the lower half. What is the Research Methods Knowledge Base? Genes tell cells what to do by telling them which proteins to make and in what amounts. [1] Cells are the smallest independent parts of organisms: the human body contains about 100 trillion cells, while very small organisms like bacteria are just a single cell. [7][34] Among the ancient sedentary Iranian peoples, the Sogdians and Chorasmians played an important role, while Iranian peoples such as Scythians and the later on Alans lived a nomadic or semi-nomadic lifestyle. Similarly, her partner will produce a mix of two types of sperm containing one or the other of these two alleles. Alleles become more or less common either by chance in a process called genetic drift or by natural selection. [6] For example, some proteins have parts of their surface that perfectly match the shape of another molecule, allowing the protein to bind to this molecule very tightly. According to Garrett, The arithmetic mean, or more simply the mean, is the sum of [] In the region, many important international exhibitions are taking place, Central Asian art is represented in European and American museums, and the Central Asian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale has been organised since 2005. The Turkic languages may belong to a larger, but controversial, Altaic language family, which includes Mongolian. Mean\(\bar x = \frac{{Sum\;of\;all\;the\;observations}}{{Total\;number\;of\;observations}} = \frac{{3\; +\; 6\; + \;7\; +\; 14 \;+ \;p\; + \;34\; + \;26 \;+ \;q\; + \;12}}{9} = 22\), Allahabad University Group C Non-Teaching, Allahabad University Group A Non-Teaching, Allahabad University Group B Non-Teaching, BPSC Asst. Example: If the observations are 5, 3, 4, 3, 7, 3, 5, 4, 3 then Mode is given by. [51][52] Central Asian countries are, however, predicted to be hit the worst in the future. The shape of the protein is determined by the sequence of amino acids along its chain and it is this shape that, in turn, determines what the protein does. The pandas functions can be directly used to calculate these values. In lower elevations, summers are hot with blazing sunshine. It includes the former Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan,[5] which are colloquially referred to as "The -Stans" as the countries all have names ending with the Persian suffix "-stan", meaning "land of". To the Southwest, Western Asian powers have expanded into the southern areas of Central Asia (usually Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan). The mean (or average) of a number of observations is the sum of the values of all the observations divided by the total number of observations. Culture (/ k l t r /) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. Her eggs will be a mixture of two types, one sort containing the B allele, and one sort the b allele. "The holding will call into question many other regulations that protect consumers with respect to credit cards, bank accounts, mortgage loans, debt collection, credit reports, and identity theft," tweeted Chris Peterson, a former enforcement attorney at the CFPB who is now a law "[47], Kazakhstan also participated in a second project of the Eurasian Economic Community, the establishment of the Centre for Innovative Technologies on 4 April 2013, with the signing of an agreement between the Russian Venture Company (a government fund of funds), the Kazakh JSC National Agency and the Belarusian Innovative Foundation. These obtained numerical values are called central or average values.A central or average value of any statistical data or series is the value of that variable that is representative of the entire data or its associated frequency This chain folds up into a compact shape, rather like an untidy ball of string. [19] This can help children with Vitamin A deficiency. Frye consciously omits all specific and practical criticism, instead offering classically inspired Sometimes these changes stop the functioning of that gene or make it serve another advantageous function, such as the melanin genes discussed above. Farah, Paolo Davide, Energy Security, Water Resources and Economic Development in Central Asia, World Scientific Reference on Globalisation in Eurasia and the Pacific Rim, Imperial College Press (London, UK) & World Scientific Publishing, November 2015. A comprehensive user-friendly introduction to biostatistics and epidemiology applied to medicine, clinical practice, and research. Median:The median is a numeric value that separates the higher half of a set from the lower half. [65] Amongst the Turkic peoples, Tengrism was the leading religion before Islam. In Tajikistan, however, only one in three scientists (34%) was a woman in 2013, down from 40% in 2002.