USE OF PROMETHAZINE WITH CODEINE SYRUP: COUGH/COLD EPIDEMIC OR SIGNIFICANT ABUSE? demonstrated reduction in cocaine self-administration in rats in 1993,[59] and Rezvani reported reduced alcohol dependence in three strains of "alcohol-preferring" rats in 1995. [97] For example, the main metabolites of JWH-018, of which there are over 20, include carboxylated, monohydroxylated, dihydroxylated, and trihydroxylated metabolites, but they are mostly excreted in urine as glucuronide conjugates. [42][43] [47] Since the term synthetic does not apply to the plant, but rather to the cannabinoid that the plant contains (THC), the term synthetic cannabinoid is more appropriate.[48]. These are achieved at lower doses, because many synthetic cannabinoids are more potent than marijuana, and users are often unaware of exactly what they are getting and how potent it is. We appreciate that continuing HRT is likely to help many women control their menopausal symptoms, particularly relevant given the additional stress some women may be under in view of the strains of the current situation on society. [154][155] Schedule II has consisted entirely of synthetic cannabinoids since October 2018; these remain illegal following the removal from the schedule of cannabis and its constituents derived from nature. The UK saw three generations of synthetic cannabinoids within five years where the second and third generations emerged in response to amendments to the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971, Order 2009[146] and Order 2013,[147] which classified many first and second generation synthetic cannabinoids as Class B drugs. Xing110 CBD itself has not been declared GRAS, and under US federal law is illegal to sell as a food, dietary supplement, or animal feed. Spicy, salty, or acidic foods may irritate the tongue and mouth. In two brands, the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug phenazepam was also found, which is classified as a prescription medicine in New Zealand, and these brands were ordered to be removed from the market by emergency recall. [74], There have been reports of a strong compulsion to re-dose, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent cravings lasting up to a week after taking synthetic cannabinoids, indicating that synthetic cannabinoids may be more addictive than marijuana. [88] Under acidic conditions it cyclizes to THC,[89] which also occurs during pyrolysis,[90] but not during combustion (smoking). [172] According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, several other states also considered legislation, including New Jersey, New York, Florida, and Ohio. It can occasionally form on the tongue. 5F-derivations (terminal fluorination) of the synthetic cannabinoids have been found to be about 2-5 times more potent at CB1 receptors than their un-fluorinated counterparts,[8] as shown in table two. It has two separate chiral centers, meaning that there are four different stereoisomers of ibogaine. [85] In New Zealand, Sativex is "approved for use as an add-on treatment for symptom improvement in people with moderate to severe spasticity due to multiple sclerosis who have not responded adequately to other anti-spasticity medication."[86]. document.write(d.getFullYear())
[82] Classical cannabinoids include nabilone and dronabinol, and one of the best known synthetic classical cannabinoids is HU-210. Synthetic cannabinoids appear in many CBD brands in products such as gummy bears and vape cartridges. Because synthetic cannabinoid molecular structures differ from THC and other illegal cannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids were not technically illegal. [46], Use of the term "synthetic marijuana" to describe products containing synthetic cannabinoids is controversial and, according to Lewis Nelson, a medical toxicologist at the NYU School of Medicine, a mistake. [66] Secondly, they may have other actions in the body, in addition to activating cannabinoid receptors.
Independent Research [15] The experience of ibogaine occurs in two phases, termed the visionary phase and the introspection phase. [110], From September 2122, 2018, almost 50 people overdosed and two people died in the Kensington area of Philadelphia. [46], Laboratory evidence indicated that cannabidiol may reduce THC clearance, increasing plasma concentrations which may raise THC availability to receptors and enhance its effect in a dose-dependent manner. [69] Third, synthetic cannabinoids may break down into metabolites, or create other by-products when heated, that may differ from marijuana. "[128] The recommendation applying to CBD extracts, synthesized CBD, and all CBD products, including CBD oil was scheduled for a final ruling by the European Commission in March 2019. 3,4-Methyl enedioxy methamphetamine (MDMA), commonly seen in tablet form (ecstasy) and crystal form (molly or mandy), is a potent empathogenentactogen with stimulant properties primarily used for recreational purposes. The drug enjoyed some popularity among post-World War II athletes. They would be made available to over 18s only, with the maximum daily dose of 60mg/day, up to 2% THC finished product allowed, 30-day maximum supply, plant-derived or synthetic. There were two additional amendments in 2016 and 2019, which included in the analog controls many of the most popular synthetic cannabinoids circulating at the time.
Ibogaine [95], On October 20, 2011, the Louisiana State University football program announced that it had suspended three players, including star cornerback Tyrann Mathieu, who tested positive for synthetic cannabinoids. No shortage of supplies of any of their HRT products: [29][25], Fredo Santana, an American rapper who frequently made references to the drink in his music, died of a seizure on January 19, 2018. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. [167] Cannabidiol is currently the subject of an FDA investigational new drug evaluation, and is not considered legal as a dietary supplement or food ingredient, as of October2020[update]. (2013). [38], Because they activate the cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors, many of the effects of synthetic cannabinoids are similar to those of THC. These substances have been found to have "psychotropic, narcotic effects, contain poisonous components and represent potential threat for humans". [9] In 2020, the label for Epidiolex in the US was expanded to include seizures associated with tuberous sclerosis complex. [citation needed], The United Arab Emirates had stated that Spice is an illegal substance and possession or intent to sell is a jailable offense. These blends, marketed under the trade names AM-HI-CO, Dream, Spice (Gold, Diamond), Zoom, Ex-ses, Yucatn Fire and others, have been declared to contain Salvia divinorum, Hawaiian wood rose, and blue lotus, and are prohibited to be sold. [13] These blues musicians lived in Houston's Fifth Ward, Third Ward, and South Park neighborhoods and the practice was taken up by the generation of rappers growing up in the same parts of the city. [6][44] Low doses of cannabidiol cause DNA damage in human-derived cell lines. [13], Houston producer DJ Screw popularized the concoction, which is widely attributed as a source of inspiration for the chopped-and-screwed style of hip hop music. Available )", "One dollar THC threatens the future of the cannabis farmer here's why", "Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years", "Notes from the Field: Increase in Reported Adverse Health Effects Related to Synthetic Cannabinoid Use - United States, January-May 2015", "Emergence of new classes of recreational drugs-synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones", "Ischemic stroke after use of the synthetic marijuana "spice", "Synthetic Marijuana Deaths Tripled This Year", "Huge jump in synthetic cannabis deaths - coroner", "Post-Mortem Toxicology: A Systematic Review of Death Cases Involving Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists", "Distinct pharmacology and metabolism of K2 synthetic cannabinoids compared to (9)-THC: mechanism underlying greater toxicity? Available, IMPORTANT NOTIFICATION IMPACTING SUPPLY OF LENZETTO (ESTRADIOL HEMIHYDRATE) 1.53 MG/SPRAY, TRANSDERMAL SPRAY, SOLUTION FROM GEDEON RICHTER. The fourth case presented to the hospital with severe problems that deteriorated over the course of a day, ending with circulatory, respiratory, central nervous system, and renal failure. "[12] It has been suggested that the super-sweet combination of soda, cough syrup, and Jolly Ranchers provides a flavor and mouthfeel, which stays on the tongue for an extended duration. If a person breaks their braces or dentures, they should get them fixed as soon as possible to prevent further damage to the tongue and mouth. [188], On June 17, 2011, the Western Australian government banned all of the synthetic cannabinoids found in already existing products, including brands such as Kronic, Kalma, Voodoo, Kaos, and Mango Kush. 143/2000 privind prevenirea si combaterea traficului si consumului ilicit de droguri si pentru completarea Legii nr. Methamphetamine (contracted from N-methylamphetamine) is a potent central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is mainly used as a recreational drug and less commonly as a second-line treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obesity. They have been designed to be similar to THC,[9] the natural cannabinoid with the strongest binding affinity to the CB1 receptor, which is linked to the psychoactive effects or "high" of marijuana. British Menopause Society, Apply for BMS Menopause Specialist online register, BMS Principles and Practice of Menopause Care (PPMC), RCOG/BMS Menopause Advanced Training Skills Module, IMS IMPART online learning for health care professionals, British Menopause Society update on HRT supply. There have also been reports of a strong compulsion to re-dose, withdrawal symptoms, and persistent cravings. Off-label use for female testosterone replacement (5 mg a day). Using palladium acetate in DMF, the ibogaine is obtained. [45][46][47] The marketing push has been described as akin to the making of candy cigarettes.[47]. Researchers note that there remains a "need for systematic investigation in a conventional clinical research setting. 3 vom January 21, 2009, 22. The commercial product contains no codeine or promethazine, but claims to "Slow Your Roll" with a combination of herbal ingredients such as valerian root and rose hips as well as the hormone melatonin. Paula Briggs, Chairman, British Menopause Society, Women's Health Concern
CP-47,497-C8 is made by extending the dimethylheptyl side chain of CP-47,497 to a dimethyloctyl side chain. ", "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives", "A clinical study of LSD treatment in alcoholism", "Healing Traumatic Brain Injuries with Psychedelics", Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators, Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators, Trimetaphan camsilate (trimethaphan camsylate), Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators, Acetylcholine metabolism/transport modulators, Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibogaine&oldid=1119350923, Short description is different from Wikidata, Chemical pages without DrugBank identifier, Drugboxes which contain changes to watched fields, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 November 2022, at 03:22. It is often difficult to determine what is in these products without reagent testing because masking agents, such as tocopherol (or vitamin E acetate that causes vaping-associated pulmonary injury), eugenol, and fatty acids, are added to confound identification. [172] For example, a 2017 analysis of cannabidiol content in oil, tincture, or liquid vape products purchased online in the United States showed that 69% were mislabeled, with 43% having higher and 26% having lower content than stated on product labels. We are pleased to say that our efforts to increase supplies appear to be making a difference. A sore tongue as a side effect of cancer treatment may appear 12 weeks after treatment starts and may persist until it ends. According to the Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Project, synthetic cannabinoids, sold under the brand name Spice, were first released in 2005 by the now-dormant company the Psyche Deli in London. in 1991. [64][61][70], It was found that the major metabolites of CBD in humans (7-OH-CBD and 7-COOH-CBD) are not prevalent in dogs, while 6-OH-CBD was found to be the primary metabolite in dogs receiving a CBD-enriched cannabis-derived herbal extract,[71] suggesting that canine and human CBD metabolic route might be somewhat different. This is converted using N-iodosuccinamide and then fluoride to form 2-(2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanol. According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, chamomile is a herbal remedy that can soothe mouth sores. Hegarty, S. (13 April 2012). Elleste Duet 1mg estradiol + 1mg norethisterone acetate.Available [144], The UK controls synthetic cannabinoids by analog under the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971 as Class B drugs. OTC pain medication may reduce the discomfort of a sore tongue. This melts the surface, reducing the risk of an ice chip sticking to the tongue. [145] Until 2016, synthetic cannabinoids were legally sold in head shops, although the exact compounds available changed over time based on the legislation. In June 2008, Innovative Beverage Group, a Houston, Texas-based company, released a beverage called "Drank". Besins have recently released a new Testogel sachet (40.5mg/2.5 ml). [178] The 2018 United States Farm Bill removed the hemp plant and all "derivatives, extracts, cannabinoids, isomers, acids, salts, and salts of isomers, whether growing or not, with a delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol concentration of not more than 0.3 percent on a dry weight basis," including CBD, from the Controlled Substances Act, making them legal to manufacture in the United States. [138] On February 17, 2020, the deputy of the Moscow City Duma Darya Besedina sent an official request to the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation Mikhail Mishustin with a request to eliminate that legal ambiguity by publishing official explanations and, if necessary, making required changes in the corresponding government decree.[139].
BMS Available, Testim testosterone gel. The amazing story of hepatitis C, from discovery to cure. Besins have indicated they are receiving deliveries of this product on a regular How did we get here? To create a drinkable mixture, the cough syrup is combined with soft drinks, especially fruit-flavored drinks such as Sprite, Mountain Dew, or Fanta, and is typically served in a foam cup. Adverse health effects associated with its use include seizures, hallucinations, paranoid behavior, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, racing heartbeat, and elevated blood pressure. For this reason, Spice is available in grow shop stores or cannabis related stores, and it can be bought and shipped online without any legal impediment from those kind of stores. [102], On July 12, 2016, 33 people were intoxicated by an herbal "incense" product called "AK-47 24 Karat Gold,"[103] and dozens overdosed, in Brooklyn. Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids (THC, CBD and many others) in cannabis plants attach. (13 December 2005). These compounds are thought to have been synthesized with the intention of making a synthetic cannabinoid prodrug, which might improve absorption and confound detection. [140], Spice is unregulated in Spain. [76] CBD has been shown to act as a serotonin 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist. .RU", "CBD products should follow the drug laws", "Sweden Joins Italy In Path To Defining CBD Oil Regulations", "Cannabis: What is allowed, what is not allowed in Switzerland? [200] In 2013, another hypnotic medication, zaleplon, was found to have been used as an active ingredient in a blend that had been sold in New Zealand during 2011 and 2012. [80], There are five major categories for synthetic cannabinoids: classical cannabinoids, non-classical cannabinoids, hybrid cannabinoids, aminoalkylindoles, and eicosanoids. We avoid using tertiary references. It is one of 113 identified cannabinoids in cannabis plants, along with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), and accounts for up to 40% of the plant's extract. [13] Rappers outside of Houston soon adopted aspects of his style. The oral bioavailability of CBD varies greatly across species and it is linked to the presentation and the time of administration. [82], The synthetic cannabinoids that have emerged recently have even greater structural diversity, possibly to subvert legal regulations on earlier generations of synthetic cannabinoids. Coronavirus - Service und Informationen Die Corona-Pandemie bedeutet drastische Einschnitte in allen Lebensbereichen. He contracted with a Belgian company to produce ibogaine in tablet form for clinical trials in the Netherlands, and was awarded a United States patent for the product in 1985. Available [39], Ibogaine is a tryptamine. The reason for the change to the quinolone substructure is unknown, but it may have been found to be a suitable replacement for the naphthoyl moiety that is currently regulated by US scheduling laws. Synthetic cannabinoid products. 1186 , ", "Po ketamne by sa mala zakza bylinn zmes Spice", "ktorm sa men a dopa zkon . The postmortem blood specimens contained a range of 1.1-1.5ng/mL of 5F-PB-22. Research also suggests that ibogaine may be useful in treating dependence on other substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine, and may affect compulsive behavioral patterns not involving substance abuse or chemical dependence. Nabilone, a first generation synthetic THC analog, has been used as an antiemetic to combat vomiting and nausea since 1981. The entire stock was purchased by Carl Waltenburg, who distributed it under the name "Indra extract" and used it in 1982 to treat heroin addicts in the community of Christiania. Each of the many different synthetic cannabinoids can have different effects at different dosages. [70], No official studies have been conducted on the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on humans (as is often the case with illegal and potentially toxic compounds);[72] however, user reports and the effects experienced by patients seeking medical care after taking synthetic cannabinoids have been published. "[15], Lean is confirmed or suspected to have caused the deaths of several prominent users. The treatment for a sore tongue depends on what causes it. Similar "anti-energy" or relaxation drinks on the commercial market use the names "Purple Stuff", "Sippin Syrup", and "Lean". [36], Ibogaine is metabolized in the human body by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) into noribogaine (more correctly, O-desmethylibogaine or 12-hydroxyibogamine). Viatris HRT stock can be obtained through AAH, Alliance and Phoenix, if you need assistance from us please contactproductenquiries@viatris.com. This could include patches, Sandrena gel (0.5mg or 1mg) or Lenzetto spray preparations. Air Force News.
Methamphetamine ", "Lil Yachty Took the WoOoOOoOoock to Poland", "Dextromethorphan (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names - Mayo Clinic", "Sizzurp: What you need to know about cough syrup high", "Lil Wayne Hospitalization: What the Hell Is Sizzurp? Registered Charity No. [108], In August 2018, there were almost one hundred overdose cases reported over two days in New Haven, Connecticut from a bad batch of K2. [6][15] CBD does not have the same psychoactivity as THC,[18][19] and will negate the psychoactive effects of THC on the body if both are present. May 23, 2010. [42] Safety studies of cannabidiol showed it is well tolerated, but may cause tiredness, somnolence, sedation, diarrhea, or changes in appetite as common adverse effects with the most common being somnolence and sedation. [39] Any psychoactive cannabis, regardless of its CBD content, is derived from the flower (or bud) of the genus Cannabis. [3] It is used as an alternative medicine treatment for drug addiction in some countries. "[17] The two artists had released a collaborative mixtape titled Wrld on Drugs in October 2018.
Acquisitions and disposals [44][45][46], These commercial products have been criticized for their potential to serve as gateways to the dangerous illegal concoction.
The American Dental Association (ADA) suggest a gentle saltwater rinse may reduce the risk of infection. in 1988. Jolly faced a possible maximum sentence of up to 20 years in jail, but as a first time offender he would be eligible for probation. Founded more than 170 years ago by Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart in Brooklyn, New York, Pfizer is one of the worlds largest pharmaceutical companies, employing about 79,000 individuals. Besins have delivered significant volumes of Oestrogel into wholesalers recently, which is approaching double the amount supplied in the same period January to April last year. [40], One of the most common non-cannabinoid ingredients in these products is oleamide, a fatty acid derivative that acts similarly to a cannabinoid and has hypnotic properties. [13] DJ Screw's music was particularly appropriate for Houston's climate. [22], In 2004, the University of Texas at Austin found that 8.3% of secondary school students in Texas had taken codeine syrup to get high. [8] A large and complex variety of synthetic cannabinoids are designed in an attempt to avoid legal restrictions on cannabis, making synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs. In many cases, simple home remedies may ease pain and aid healing. Massage in China is an extremely popular therapy, the city of Shanghai alone playing host to over 1500 foot massage centers while there are more than 3000 in Shenzhen.It is one of the biggest service industries in China with workers in Shanghai numbering in the tens of thousands. Lenzetto is available in the UK, in x1 and x3 pack since 2020. [19], In Bwiti religious ceremonies, the root bark is pulverized and swallowed in large amounts to produce intense psychoactive effects. [116][117], Synthetic cannabinoids have been speculated to be involved in vaping-associated pulmonary injury (VAPI). Supplements: Could a common dietary fiber trigger an allergy-like response? Additionally, it approved Nabiximols, a cannabidiol-containing drug, for medical use. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) found that the number of deaths from synthetic cannabinoid use tripled between 2014 and 2015. Theramex will continue to keep health care professionals informed of any changes. [182] There are important regional differences, with large declines in the Western and Southern US, and increases in the Northeast and Midwest. [40], Research indicates that cannabidiol may reduce adverse effects of THC, particularly those causing intoxication and sedation, but only at high doses. A spokesman for the coroner's office said that the combination of sleep apnea and cough medication probably suppressed Pimp C's breathing long enough to bring on his death. Canker sores what are they and what can you do about them?
Microsoft is building an Xbox mobile gaming store to take on According to the ADA, some fungal infections affect the tongue. [87] The article is included in Thompson's post-election anthology, Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72 (1973). [53], In the late 1960s, the World Health Assembly classified ibogaine as a "substance likely to cause dependency or endanger human health"; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned it Schedule I classification, and the International Olympic Committee banned it as a potential doping agent. After news of Rozga's death, it was reported by friends that they had smoked K2 with Rozga approximately one hour before his death. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Ibogaine catalyzes an altered state of consciousness reminiscent of dreaming while fully conscious and aware so that memories, life experiences, and issues of trauma can be processed. Hunter, A. [13] Lean is often used in combination with alcohol and/or other drugs. The "isomer" argument is nonetheless vague, as progesterone, which is freely sold in pharmacies, is also an isomer of THC, all three being C21H30O2. (2019). Singapore allows medical cannabis on a case-by-case basis, usually as a last resort drug.
Join LiveJournal Ibogaine factors into the stories of these episodes from television drama series: The most-studied therapeutic effect of ibogaine is the reduction or elimination of addiction to opioids. IT AIN'T THAT EASY', "Future Changed Rap for a Generation. Rozga shot himself in the head with a family-owned hunting rifle in an apparent suicide on June 6, 2010. This milestone will help to address a growing area of unmet need when it comes to menopause treatment in Scotland.
European LeukemiaNet 2020 recommendations for treating Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Studies in dogs with chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis showed an increase in level of activity in animals receiving CBD-rich food supplements.[63][56][60][58]. The average rate of pay for a worker in the massage industry in China is over 10,000 yuan per [83] CYP3A4 facilitates decarbonylation of CBD to liberate carbon monoxide, a bioactive gasotransmitter and pharmaceutical candidate. Testogel 40.5 mg gel sachet a new sachet preparation is now available. Respiratory depression is a potentially serious or fatal adverse drug reaction associated with the use of codeine, but mainly the danger lies in the much more potent and CNS-depressing phenothiazine-related antihistamine promethazine. Medical Information Direct Line 0800 069 8421, http://www.endo.com +353 1 268 2000 "[137], According to a document received in response to an appeal to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, measures of state control in the Russian Federation regarding CBD have not been established.
Massage [45] Recently published data also suggest that cannabidiol is a carcinogen. [120], As of August 2020[update], it was still illegal to carry cannabis and cannabis-derived products (including products containing CBD) across the Canadian border. Kiel was charged with two felony counts of transporting a controlled substance and three counts of possession for sale of a controlled substance. There are a few different structural classifications of synthetic cannabinoids that include many of the new structures, some of which are shown in table one. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with this.
", "The David Mitchell Rozga Act (S.605 - Dangerous Synthetic Drug Control Act of 2011)", "Synthetic marijuana illegal as of Tuesday", "Federal Register - Schedules of Controlled Substances: Temporary Placement of Five Synthetic Cannabinoids Into Schedule I", "Drug Scheduling from the US Drug Enforcement Administration website", "DEA imposes "emergency" ban to control synthetic marijuana", The Associated Press. [27] Neuropathological examination revealed no evidence of degenerative changes in a woman who had received four separate doses of ibogaine ranging between 10 and 30mg kg over a 15-month interval. June 17, 2010.
[138], Spice is legal in Slovakia. [103] State laws vary considerably as non-medical cannabis and derived products have been legalized in some jurisdictions in the 2010s. [21] Its use later spread to other States in the South. 2004-2022 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. [77] Some studies suggest that not only can synthetic cannabinoids induce psychosis, but they can worsen previously stable psychotic disorders and might trigger a chronic (long-term) psychotic disorder among vulnerable individuals such as those with a family history of mental illness. For stock updates on the Viatris HRT range, you can also visitwww.mywayhub.co.uk/range [102] No additional data was ever published by CIBA researchers on ibogaineopioid interactions.
PPIC Statewide Survey: Californians and Their Government [133] A new law is being discussed to make spice illegal for personal use again. [3][4] It may be supplied as CBD oil containing only CBD as the active ingredient (excluding tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] or terpenes), CBD-dominant hemp extract oil, capsules, dried cannabis, or prescription liquid solution. However, they would provide equivalent amounts of hormones when used in similar doses. [20], The use of iboga in African spiritual ceremonies was first reported by French and Belgian explorers in the 19th century, beginning with the work of French naval physician and explorer of Gabon Marie-Thophile Griffon du Bellay.